Comparison Between Manufacturing Company and Service Company

Comparison Between Manufacturing Company and Service Company I am going to analyze and discuses on behalf of manufacturing industry (ALKEM LABORATORIES) and service company (WALMART) on the basis of different operations and functions. ALKEM LABORATORIES is INDIA based pharmaceuticals manufacturing company which formulate different types of medicines. it is rated the No 2nd company in the overall antibacterial segment, No.1st in cephalosporin formulation and No.3rd in over all Indian market. Alkem laboratories operates different operations like process design (arranging the stores layout to give smooth and effective flow of customers), product design (designing stylist products that can be flat packed efficiently), job design (making sure that all staff can contribute to the companys success), supply design (locating stores of an appropriate size in the most effective place), etc during manufacturing process as well as other operations. Alkem has many customers in domestic markets (India) and international market (Kenya, Nigeria, south Africa, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Mongolia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Yemen, America, Eurasia, etc.) TRANSFORMATION / MANUFACTURING PROCESSES As per the consideration of TABLET MANUFACTURING process fig.1 shows the basic block diagram of tablet TRANSFORMATION PROCESS FLOW CHART. VISUAL INSPECTION METAL DETECTION SECONDARY PACKING MATERIAL SECONDARY PACKING TRANSFER TO FINISING GOODS STORE GRANULATION 12 COMPRESSION BLISTER OR STRIP PACKING PRIMARY PACKING MATERIAL COATING IF APPLICABLE RM RECEIPT TRANSFER TO MFG AREA Fig. 1 transformation or manufacturing process flow diagram. Granulation is a process by raw materials are mixing as per the required for tablet specification. Granulation take more time in tablet manufacturing process so we can say that this is internal part of bottleneck process. After granulation, compression perform to give specific required shape desired size of tablets. After finish compression process tablets goes to coating area where reduce mask the unpleasant test and odour. Visual inspection machines are used for finding damaged core or coated tablets. The last but not least process is packaging and it divide into two ways i.e. primary packaging with blister and secondary packaging with strip. After completion all these process finishing tablets transfer to finishing goods store as per inventory management. WALMART Wal-Mart is largest retailer service company in the world, headquarter in USA. The first Wal-mart store was opened by Sam Walton in 19961 in Bentonville, Arkansas. Wal-mart adopt different process management during operation like capacity management (coping with fluctuation in demand) , inventory (avoiding running out of products from sale) management, supply chain management (arranging for delivery of products to stores) etc. Wal-mart has worldwide customers. Wal-mart lays lots of values on different emphasis, example associate opportunity, sustainability, responsible sourcing, make large communities. Fig 2 : Wal-mart format Reference:- http://www.walmart.com/cp/All-Departments/121828 Accenture consulting (for fig 2,3,4) Figure3:-wal-mart operating diagram DIVISON WISE SALES Fig4:- Wal-mart Supply Chain complexities COMPARE BETWEEN ALKEM LABORATORIES AND WAL-MART ON THE BASIS OF COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES CORPORATE STRATEGY Comparison on the basis of COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES ALKEM LEBORETORIES WAL-MART COST; High cost No No Low cost Yes Yes QUALITY; Top quality yes No Consistent quality Yes Yes TIME; Delivery speed No No On time delivery Yes Yes FLEXIBILITY; customization Yes No Variety Yes Yes Volume flexibility Yes No Competitive priorities is a factors that can deliver cost, quality, time, flexibility, etc. that define satisfy by internal and external customer requirements. It also has ability to maintain existing as well as new customer demand. ( Krajewski, page no.30) The Similarity between ALKEM laboratories and Wal-mart on the basis of competitive priorities are; Low cost Consistent quality On time delivery variety ALKEM laboratories and WAL-MART has low cost, because ALKEM has its own industry to formulate many types of raw materials (granules). which is very near to product manufacturing unit and other reason that many customer in the market. Apart from this causes they have own biogas plant which produce half electricity of the total consumption. WAL-MART also has low cost priority because today market facing with too competition so they need to maintain customers and loyalty and it can only happen with provide low cost product without affecting quality. One reason for low cost is their world impact i.e. world no.1 supplier as supermarket services. Consistence quality is all about expectations of the external customers specification on the consistent basis. ALKEM laboratories provide consistence quality because they have separate quality and control department to assure about quality. So that they always keep the defect free quality parameters due to update production process after every steps of manufacturing process. WAL-MART also carry consistent quality performance for that achieve customers loyalty. It provide defect less product in the selves they cannot compromise with customers faith. WAL-MAET always monitor consistently of defectively product and manufacturing date and its expiry date. On time delivery is also an essential similarity of both company ALKEM and WAL-MART. In pharmaceutical company like ALKEM has on time delivery because it products has limited period of time, and protect market reputation so that it carry on time delivery to avoid product waste and customer unsatisfaction. Same condition is apply in WAL-MART because they also tend to fulfil all satisfaction of customers and their demand by product. ALKEM laboratories provides different types of medicines (different types of tablets, injections, dry powder syrups, liquid syrups, etc ) as per the customer requirements and demand. ALKEM laboratories has cephalosporin formulation group and antibacterial segment group that is unique variety in Indian market. WAL-MART also provides large range of variety with different brands with different products as per all types of customers considerations regarding cost, variations etc. The dissimilarity between ALKEM laboratories and Wal-mart on the basis of competitive priorities are; Top quality Customization Volume flexibility ALKEM laboratories provide top quality because ALKEM formulate cephalosporin formulation product which has high customer interaction and involvement. Customer interaction all about unique product like cephalosporin and antibacterial medicine that are only provide by ALKEM laboratories in Indian market with desired quantity, durability, hardness, etc. ALKEM product has more demanding by customers so its also one of reason to make top quality product company. ALKEM try to satisfy each and every customer with their desirable medicine (with effective and quick action without any sidefect ). Their competitive priority is a customisation. They formulate medicine depend upon the age like children (0 11 years), teenagers (12 17 years), adults (18 32 years) etc. because every does of medicine is defend by parameters quantity of quality depend on age. Medicine also characterise by design shape and test which also depend on age, for example children likes sweets medicine with small size of tablets, etc. ALKEM laboratories has large volume flexibility because they are able to expand product manufacturing capacity as per customer demand. The volume flexibility basically carry depend on demand and requirement. Comparison on the basis of CORPORATE STRATEGY Corporate strategy is a strategy which provides positions itself in its global, economic, political and social environment. In other words corporate strategy gives positioning of a corporation and the business. Corporate strategy consists with Environmental scanning, Developing core competencies ( workforce, facilities, market and financial, systems and technology ), developing core processes and global strategy. (reference:- lecture slides notes OM book by Robert Johnston 5th edition; page no 92 ) CORPORATE STRATEGY ALKEM LEBORETORIES WAL-MART Cost leadership Yes Yes Product leadership Yes No Customer intimacy Yes Yes Cost leadership ALKEM laboratories and WAL-MART both caries cost leadership. ALKEM lab use cost leadership to increase maximum share. As I discussed in above, ALKEM deliver low cost product with high quality product because they have own generate raw materials by fully automated system so they also minimize labour cost. WAL-MART has worldwide branches with no.1 position in their field so certainly market share also increase by cost leadership technique. WAL-MART has gained maximum share price in USA market by the using cot effective technique as compare with other competitors. It has variety of items with variety of price so it able to satisfy customers with effective less cost. (reference by OM book page 47) Product leadership ALKEM laboratories is a product leadership company because they are providing effective unique quality of medicine in the market by considering each different types of customers need. So cost also differ from variation in but ALKEM never compromise its quality with cost. WAL-MART does not caries product leadership because it only concentrate on how to minimize cost of the product to stand up in the service market with customer satisfaction. (reference by OM book 8th page 47) Customer intimacy ALKEM laboratories as well as WAL-MART both has customer intimacy because they both have technique to understand and maintain existing and new customers requirements. WAL-MART use measuring card so that they are able to know customer interest. ALKEM lab also use measuring chart for that measure customer interaction, this can measure yearly or half yearly. So by this technique both companies are able to find customer intimacy. PART B Critically analyze Capacity planning Capacity planning which define excess level of output in operation, process, facility etc. of any organization. Information is very much acceptable to build a successful capacity plan or decisions for an organization. Now, here I am going to critically describe timing and sizing expansions as wait-and-see strategy; Timing and sizing expansion consists with expansion strategy and wait-and-see strategy. The expansion strategy which involves large infrequent jumps in capacity that is predictable. Wait-and-see strategy which involves smaller prediction or short term prediction. This type of capacity planning is preferred by many of organization but not in all organization. wait-and-see strategy cannot be applicable in pharmaceutical (ALKEM laboratories) company, because during manufacturing medicine get expire date. so if company predict more or less during manufacturing and it cannot be sale after manufacturing than company get loss. Therefore pharmaceutical (ALKEM) company always aware about this condition and formulate product that are demanded by other parties. (reference by notes OM book Krajewski 8th ed Nigel slack 5th ed, page no 320) Inventory management Inventory is nothing but it is stock of an organization where goods or finished goods are stored . Generally types of inventory depend on different organization because it change time to time as per demand requirement, but in general there are five types of inventory. Name them buffer or safety inventory, cycle inventory, decoupling inventory, anticipation inventory, and pipeline inventory. Managing inventory is big challenge for every organization because excess inventory gives less profits but less inventory gives more profits. Now, here I am going to critically describe cycle inventory and ABC control inventory; cycle inventory: Cycle inventory is for a product that having consistent demand or supply in market. We can also say that cycle inventory is a time bond inventory which supply demand at a specified time while product available in market or not. Example weekly, monthly, etc. organization specially retailers like wal-mart to have safety stock, and avoid the use of cycle inventory to protect themselves from running out of stock of products in excess demand or any discontinuity in supply chain. That will affect the trust and reliability factor that they have with their customer`s. ALKEM laboratories also avoid cycle inventory because its demand not at a consistent level at all time by supplier or customer. For example in one week customer demand for 10 thousand tablets strips but in next week or any other week customer demand for 2 thousand tablets strips. So variation in demand cannot fulfill by the use of cycle inventory. (reference by notes OM book Krajewski 8th ed Nigel slack 5th ed, page no 396 ) Supply chain Supply chain is a network that connect firms core process it may be internal or external, like raw materials delivery from warehouse to manufacturing unit, customer and supplier relationship, etc. It provide to achieve competitive priorities. Supply chain gives the information about bottleneck process and try to minimize this concept. It also providing lower operating cost and reduce inventory. The main aim of supply chain is to meet the end customer requirements and satisfaction. Supply chain may also define as, the tier of organizations their facilities, functions, activities that are involved in producing and delivering a product or service. Now, here I am going to critically describe outsourcing; Outsourcing is a way of process by which a organization takes the services of other company or firm and pays them for their services or materials. This can be only happen when two firms has same kinds of product manufacturing. AKKEM laboratories Pharmaceutical cannot use or prefer outsourcing because it will affect the quality parameters and if the quality parameters are not matched by even very small size, the results might be very big disasters. Medicine should be more perfection because it related with our life so ALKEM pharmaceutical company never want to be compromise with customer life. For example ALKEM company has 1.000% perfection products and other one pharmaceutical company has 1.001% perfection products. So ALKEM company never want be compromise with 0.001% less perfection. (reference by notes OM book Krajewski 8th edition, page no 47) Performance Measure Performance measurement is a activity that measure whole performance of process operation. This performance objective consists with quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and financial these all are measure by composite with customer satisfaction, overall service operation level. Performance measure also concern with constraint management like inventory, throughput, operating expense and utilization of all process. By using some techniques we can find performance measurement such as Performance matrix Six sigma technique Balance score card (Kaplan and Norton) Balance score card represent whole business strategic positions. It measure past financial conditions of an organizations. The balance scorecard measurement taken with the help of Kaplan and Norton. Balance scorecard provide important information about organization strategic so, that easy to measure performance of an organization. The only benefits of this process measurement is to give performance result in a single report. fig 5. Measure used in the balanced scorecard In financial performance, it performe past measurement of profits, shereholder interest, capital market structure, etc. this gives idea to make target plane for future market. In internal process perfprmance, it measure efficiency of manufacturing production speed, employee perfomance, etc. In Learning and growth performance, it measure and try to implement technological affect, innovative work, new product development, etc. In customer performance, it tend to evaluate customer feedback, customer rate of satisfaction, etc. Now, here I am going to critically describe about Balance score card; The balance score card does not show any future aspects. It only gives the past financial aspects or can measure financial aspects along with the past financial performances. It does not indicate what problems will come or occurs in future and does not provide any solutions for those problem. Balance scorecard not acceptable by ALKEM laboratories firms because it gives past financial measurement which is not quite good to make future plane . By the use of balance score card organization or company are not able to evaluate adequate future value through investment in customers, suppliers, employees, process, technology and innovation. So this performance measurement are also not accepted by ALKEM laboratories. (Reference:- notes Operations management, by Robert Johnston page no 613) Total quality management (TQM) Total quality management is a key of success of any organization or industry. In other words Total Quality Management is a way by which any organization or industry can get more quality and assurance with the help of three main principle that are Customer satisfaction, Employee involvement, and continuous improvement. Customer satisfaction is very much important because, it is a path to that any organization can achieve high level of loyalty and product demand. This satisfaction is achieved by specification of product, values, durability, support, and mental attraction. Employee involvement is a second success key for organization or industry. In this step every employee contribute his full potential work to develop cultural change i.e. time to time modification in production, technology, new innovation, etc in every sector and build a strong team to take effective decision. Quality at source is main that describe inspect defected product and after solve and proceed it in process, where it created. Continuous improvement is an improvement that indicate performance increment which can be more and smaller. Continuous improvement is also known as Kaizen which is Japanese words. Every organizations aim is to build image in market by attractive product launch so modification is very much important with innovative machine technology by this continuous improvement organization get accelerative benefits in less time. Now, here I am going to critically describe about Quality at source; TQM is applicable for more firm but not all firm. In the case of pharmaceutical company quality at source which is part of TQM is not accepted by pharmacy company because Quality at source say that, at every step should need to provide required quality parameters without inspectors for rechecking the quality but when the matter of life death as in considerable in ALKEM pharmaceutical firm this cannot be apply. So this part of Total quality management cannot apply in ALKEM laboratories, because it necessary to make sure at every step the exact quality maintained to avoid any disaster. (reference by notes OM book Krajewski 8th ed Nigel slack 5th ed, page no 563 ) PART C Evaluating mix I have chosen wait-and-see, cycle inventory, outsourcing, balance scorecard, and quality at source in part B so behalf of these topic, Now here, I am going to evaluate its impact on ALKEM laboratories firm on the basis of Competitiveness, Innovation and Sustainability. Competitiveness It provide services and product that full fill the criteria of quality, services standards with acceptable profits. ALKEM pharmaceutical laboratories cannot prefer wait-and-see strategy because by expanding its production, it may result in over production and the product has limited self life and due to this the chances of expiring before consumption increase. So it loss the product and investment. In the cycle inventory concept, ALKEM can loss its competitiveness because in case of fluctuation in demand from market, they will not able to withstand and hence will causes customer unsatisfaction, delivery time failure and loss the customer loyalty. Outsourcing is another factor which should be avoided because it causes product quality variation but in case of ALKEM laboratories i.e. quality oriented firm, where quality is first goal. So they cannot compromise quality with cost. Balance scorecard also a part of competitiveness loss because it does not indicate future financial performance, customer target etc due to having past measurement ability. Similarly ALKEM laboratories cannot recommend qualit y at source technique because increasing the chance of quality decrease. Innovation It is idea that transfer economical cost and satisfy specific requirement. Innovation is essential, it has to be used. Innovation has great impact on wait-and-see strategy because when higher production is required in short time than innovation and technology are the key points to be used together and improved to achieve the goals by increasing machine/ process efficiency. ALKEM laboratories should not used cycle inventory, but should innovate new process which are cost effective and productive for achieving customer satisfaction and market share. In term of outsourcing company cannot develop their ability in technology and innovation field with their product because in this term company develop their product with collaborate company. So ALKEM laboratories should not use outsourcing operation that might affect in quality as well as increase in cost and result will, loss customer faith. Balance scorecard gives the measurement of past financial performance, so that ALKEM laboratories should not use this technique that affect high financial, customer and proce ss development target. New era and innovation technique use to achieve improvement and high performance and their set target. Quality at source should not use in ALKEM laboratories, here innovation play vital role that means company should inspect the protect after every process steps to find out any problems and can hence become able to innovate new process of resourcing and making sure they are not happening again. Sustainability It is way of Ability to maintain an activity or process over the long term. Sustainability is main key to identify product durability, strength, etc. it growth is depend on natural condition or resources. Now in sustainability condition ALKEM pharmaceutical laboratories should need to prefer wait-and-see strategy, because it gives predictable production, so it is a way of continuous improvement or growth that affect the economy growth during natural disaster or unwanted natural condition, but apart from environment condition wait-and-see strategy should not be applicable in ALKEM laboratories. In the cycle inventory concept, ALKEM can loss its sustainability because in case natural disaster they will not able to maintain their customer demand so that result will causes like customer unsatisfaction, delivery time failure and loss the customer loyalty. Outsourcing is another one which should need to be avoided by ALKEM laboratories because they have limited time period of product and also it causes product quality variation so that it loss durability and stren gth over a long time period. Balance scorecard also a part of sustainability loss because it does not indicate future financial growth, customer target etc that indicate how sustain in market environment so ALKEM should not be use this concept. Similarly ALKEM laboratories should not recommend quality at source technique because increasing the chance of quality decrease that are not suitable for durability condition. CONCLUSION Thus, I have studied and evaluate different operation technique use in an organisation to make and maintain effective operation. I have also analyse all different operation which is not applicable / suitable for all type of company or organisation. So after this study, I have analysed that without operation management technique, organization cannot stay in challenging market. Indeed operation management is the effective weapon. SUMMARY The aim of this task is to elaborate different concept, approach and important of management operations, which are apply or may be apply in two different organization. The description contain, Comparison on the basis of competitive priorities i.e. cost, quality, delivery speed, volume, variety, etc. and corporate strategy i.e. customer relationship, product development, service modification, order maintain, etc. Apart from comparison this description also elaborate different theoretical concept and its evaluation and impact such as capacity planning, inventory management, supply chain, performance measurement, and total quality management. evaluation impact description based on new era and environment.

Prisoners Rights Essay

Societies over time have defined human rights through a variety of documents that have sought to protect the rights of people. The Geneva Convention is an example of these documents. These documents not only firmly establish rights, but also ensure that countries that adopt these laws are responsible for ensuring rights are respected and followed. Unfortunately, not all governments obey these documents. In the case where war occurs, the Geneva Convention has been especially disregarded and ignored. As a result, agencies such as Amnesty International have stepped in to fight for those prisoners whose rights have been broken. Amnesty International has become one of the most successful agencies, freeing and helping thousands of people who have been imprisoned unfairly. The rights for different kinds of prisoners in different countries are still being debated to this day. These prisoners include prisoners in detention centers and prisoners of conscience. Some people think that someone who has infringed on other’s human rights should not have valid rights themselves. Despite this, prisoners are allowed rights, such as conditions of confinement, limited privacy, safety from other prisoners, food and water and medical attention if necessary. Many prisons still deny one or more of these rights, and continue to this day to torture, kill and/or discriminate against prisoners. One of the most globally recognized laws regarding prisoners is the Geneva Convention. The Geneva Convention is a set of rules written in 1929 and revised in 1949, which focuses on the rights of prisoners of war. Prisoners of war are specifically soldiers captured and held captive by the enemy army. The Geneva Convention states that prisoners of war cannot be prosecuted for taking direct part in hostilities. Their detention is supposed to prevent further participation in the conflict and should not be a form of punishment. The term ‘Prisoners of war’ only applies to international armed conflict. These prisoners must be released and sent back to their country without delay at the end of the war. They must be treated humanely in all circumstances and should be protected against any act of violence, intimidation insults and public curiosity. Despite this, many governments have failed to acknowledge the convention and in some cases, have resulted in prisoners being tortured and even killed. In Guantà ¡namo Bay, Cuba, there is a detention center at its naval base, set up by the United States. From 2002, the prison has been holding prisoners who have been suspected of being terrorists or having ties to terrorists. They are held in order for the government to try and get information out of them. The Americans also set up another detention center in Abu Ghraib, Iraq in 2004. George Bush, who was president of the USA at the time, described the men held in these prisons not as prisoners of war, but as unlawful combatants and claimed that the Geneva Conventions protections did not apply to them. A lot of people have argued that the prisons should not be allowed, due to the fact that most prisoners have been tortured, sexually abused, drugged, and harmed by many other violent acts to get information. There are still no laws that protect these prisoners and the USA has gotten many negative judgments from all around the world. A lot of global campaigns and agencies are currently working to fix this issue. Prisoners of Conscience are people who are believed to have had already had their rights stripped from them. More specifically, they are people who have been imprisoned for expressing ideas about their lifestyle, belief, race, or religion in a non-violent way and have been denied due process. Due process is the system where a person is procedure where a person goes through a fair trial in the normal judicial system where he/she is innocent until proven guilty. There are agencies and campaigns worldwide that go to extreme extents to get prisoners of conscience publically recognized and hopefully released. Amnesty International is one of the most well–known and successful non-governmental campaigning organizations that works to monitor and protect human rights all over the world. The organization began with one man’s outrage and his courage to do something about it, this man being British lawyer Peter Benson. He is looked at as a hero, not only within the organization. Their main focus are Prisoners of Conscience. The organization has over 3 million members and supporters and was founded in London 1996. Their objective is to â€Å"conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated.† Amnesty International think of themselves as advocates for prisoners and the word ‘amnesty’ refers to being forgiven for a crime or other offence. Prisoners’ rights is just one segment of human rights, but is still just as important as children’s or elderly rights. Prisoners everywhere, from those in Guantà ¡namo Bay to prisoners of war should have valid rights if they don’t already. Having legal rights or laws is the first step, but putting the law in action is what really matters. Although there are a number of countries that ignore these documents, there are also countries that abide by them and are great examples of fair humanity. Agencies, organizations and campaigns work for these changes all around the world and with the help and support of every day people, they can hopefully change the world for the better.

Poverty Reduction in Uganda

Name: Nguyen, Thi Hai Yen Student ID: 2012470037 Subject: Special topic in international development: African economics and politic Topic: Uganda – The bright in poverty reduction for other Sub – Saharan African countries Uganda is a landlocked and relative small country in East Africa. After independence in 1962, Uganda experienced a decade of relative political and economic stability before 15 years struggling under the power of Idi Amin who lead the country to conflict and reduced country to a failed state and a collapsed economy.It stopped by 1986, when Yoweri Museveni took power brought a period of sustained economic and political renewal to Uganda. Uganda is a relative rich of natural resources including fertile soils, regular rainfall, small deposits of copper, gold, and other minerals, and recently discovered oil. Just like other African countries, export of Uganda heavily depends on coffee with 63 per cent of total export revenues of the country. Uganda has bee n a bright point in Sub – Saharan Africa by being the first country in the region to embark on liberalization and pro-market policies in the late 1980s.Thanks to the right policies, the government has maintained a stable macroeconomic environment and sustained private sector-oriented reforms that graduated Uganda into a mature reformer in 2006. GDP growth accelerated from an average of 6. 5 per cent per year in the 1990s to over 7 per cent during the 2000s. Together with the sustained economic growth in the past two decade, Uganda enabled substantial poverty reduction and some progress towards Millennium Development Goals (MDG).Although other MDGs such as achieving universal primary education, reducing child mortality rates, improving maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases have been slow, the first goal of poverty reduction has been achieved successfully in Uganda. In 2009/2010, Uganda surpassed the 2015 MDG of halving the 56. 4 per cent poverty rate recorded in 1992/1993 to 24. 5 per cent. However, in 2011, at a per capita income at 500 USD or 1300 USD in PPP, ranked 203 in the world, Uganda remains a very poor country and far from the middle income status it aspires to achieve in one eneration. This paper therefore reviews the economic background of Uganda; examines the trends and patterns of poverty; the government strategies to reduce poverty and concludes with challenges in sustaining the poverty reduction achievement and policy recommendations. Economic background Table 1. Sectoral contributions to GDP and Growth Rates in Uganda (from 2001-2010) As can be seen from table 1, Uganda remained high growth rate during the period from 2001-2009 with 7. 9 per cent in average before cool down by 5. per cent in 2010 and 4. 3 per cent in 2011 because of the reduce of demand from the main export markets of Uganda, especially the USA and European countries since the world recession.. In terms of structure, Ugandan economy has a moder n structure in which GDP is attributed largest from the services sector, follow by the industrial sector and least by the agricultural sector. However, in fact, agriculture is the main sector of the economy, employing over 82 per cent of the work force even it contributed only 22 per cent of GDP (2011).The budget deficit has improved by reducing gradually from 10. 2 per cent of GDP on average during 2000 – 2004 to 7. 9 per cent of GDP on average during 2005-2008 and reached 5. 9 per cent of GDP in 2011. Uganda remained high domestic investment rate at 23. 9 per cent of GDP, thus kept the national debt rate at a safety rate compare to other countries. However, after a decade remained one digit number of inflation, the consumer prices in the country became worse in 2011 at 18. 7 per cent in 2011.Economic development has been made as the most important priority of Ugandan government and the economic policy is focusing on the private sector, attracting foreign direct investment, improving access to world markets and on achieving relief from excessive debt. Therefore, it has adopted a number of policy initiatives to jump-start the economy, including the National Development Plan which is the master development plan; Plan for the Modernization of Agriculture, the Medium Term Competitiveness Strategy for the Private Sector, the Competitiveness and Investment Climate Strategy, the Poverty Eradication Action Plan among others.The trends and patterns of poverty in Uganda Table 2: Number and percent of Ugandans that are absolutely poor, insecure non-poor and middle class (from 1992-2010). Table 3: The characteristics of poor, insecure non-poor and middle-class households Table 4: Inequality based on the Gini coefficient (from 1992-2010). Source: UNHS various years and IHS 1992/3 Table 2 indicates that during the 1990s, the proportion of Ugandans whose incomes below the poverty line fell dramatically from 56. 4 per cent in 1992 to 33. 8 per cent in 2000.It meant th ere were 2. 5 million of Ugandan people escaped from absolute poverty within 8 years; they moved to the group of non – poor but insecure which increased significantly by 10. 5 per cent. During 1990s, the per cent of middle class in Uganda also rose sharply from 10. 2 per cent to 22. 4 per cent. The middle class own more household assets, are much more educated and spend more money in education rather than on food items like the poor. The key reason of these trends was increase in average income, rather than by redistribution in society.Income inequality was basically decreased from 1992 to 1997, but increased thereafter; the Gini coefficient was between 0. 37 and 0. 35 until 1997, but rose to 0. 39 in 2000. After 2000s, Uganda did not remain the success which was achieved in the previous decade, when the proportion of people lived with 1. 25$ a day rose by 5 per cent from 2000 to 2003, meanwhile the inequality also increased which measure by the GINI coefficient rose from 0. 365 in 1992 to 0. 428 in 2003, and in urban area the inequality was more clear and increased faster than rural area.The trends were mainly driven by the slowdown of the economic when the GDP growth rate dropped from 8. 5 per cent in 2001 to 6. 5 per cent in 2003 and the agriculture sector which employed majority of the workforce was disappointing when the growth rate fell dramatically by 5 per cent during that period, while the service sector decreased slightly and the industry sector even performed well (according to table 1). The slowdown in agriculture relative to other sectors tended to increase inequality in this period, both because the poor are concentrated in agriculture and the share f labor in the incomes of other sectors may be quite small. The reasons for the recent patterns include a slowdown in agricultural growth during the last three years, declines in farmers’ prices reflecting world market conditions, insecurity, high population growth rate and morbidity rel ated to HIV/AIDS. The trends of poverty in Uganda changed differently in the next period from 2002 to 2010 compare to the previous time; the poverty proportion fell sharply and surpassed the first goal of 2015 MDGs of halving the 56. per cent poverty rate recorded in 1992/1993 to 24. 5 per cent. Uganda became the first country in Sub- Saharan Africa countries achieved the first goal of MDGs before due date of 2015. However, together with this achievement, the inequality in the country rose which measured by the increase of GINI coefficient from 0. 408 in 2005 to 0. 426 in 2010. It seem easy to explain those two diverse trends because of the growth of economic also lead to the rising of income inequality even in the country who have good social welfare system.The middle class of the country also reached one third of the population in 2010 who was claimed that benefited from small business rather than agriculture sector. The emergence of the middle class will lead to greater spending power and, the ability to invest in the future represents an opportunity to accelerate the socioeconomic transformation process. However, the insecure non poor (42. 9 percent) are another group requiring specific attention, while the fight against absolute poverty continues for 24. percent of Ugandans. Ugandan government’s strategies to reduce poverty Uganda is among the very few countries which surpassed the MDGs before 2015, especially in Sub- Saharan region. As mentioned above, over the last 20 years, Ugandan government has implemented a number of policies to jump-start the economy and it has been worked well and lead to the relative high and sustained economic growth rate as well as eradicating significantly the poverty.Among those policies, there were two main programs geared towards reducing poverty which were the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), Plan for the Modernization of Agriculture (PMA). First, the PEAP was adopted in 1997 as the framework for addressing t he key poverty challenges. The plan was made to range the public policies and interventions relevant to poverty reduction. It was highly participatory with the central and local government, the donors, non – government organizations, civil society and economic scholars.The plan was succeeded because it was implemented by the government’s budget and a medium – term spending framework. Right after the adoption of PEAP, the public expenditures on basic services were significantly increased in 1997. One part of Ugandan government’s budget for PEAP came from the assistance of World Bank and International Monetary Fund to help the low – incomes countries develop poverty reduction strategies. The PEAP was revised twice in 2000 and in 2005. The latest version was launched in 2005 which aimed at contributing towards transforming Uganda into a middle-income country.The PEAP was based on five pillars: (1) economic management: aims to sustained relative high g rowth rate by facilitate to investment; improve infrastructure; modernization and commercialization of agriculture, with emphasis on value-addition; improve rural access to finance and to strengthen SMEs; focus on HIV prevalence reduction; (2) Enhancing production, competitiveness and incomes; (3) Security, conflict-resolution and disaster management; (4) Good Governance; (5) human development to strengthen the human resources by improving education system and social health care system in order to improve sanitation, community mobilization, family planning and reduce malaria, HIV/AIDS; improve the water supply in urban and rural areas and increase the role of private sector.In implement of the PEAP, the central government was responsible for ensuring a basic framework of legality, rights and freedom, nondiscrimination among citizens and intervening in the economy to promote economic efficiency, equity and growth, meanwhile the private sector played the key and active role in investm ent; the private sector is responsible for the majority of productive investment and it supports public goods for altruistic, cultural or prestige reasons; civil society works free from the government to handle to advocacy for the interests of groups who might otherwise be neglected; support conflict resolution and finance service in sectors not covered by the government; and the donors plays important role in providing financing public expenditure. Second, Uganda’s Plan for Modernization of Agriculture, PMA, was issued in 2000, and it has been implemented since 2001. The PMA is an integral part of the strategies of the PEAP, and contributes directly to two of the four overarching PEAP goals: (1): rapid and sustainable economic growth and structural transformation, and (3): increased ability of the poor to raise their incomes. The PMA is a framework which sets out the strategic vision and principles upon which interventions to address poverty eradication through transformatio n of the agricultural sector can be developed.The vision of the PMA is poverty eradication through a profitable, competitive, sustainable and dynamic agricultural and agro-industrial sector. Rural poverty is seen to be best addressed through promoting the commercialization of agriculture, and in particular providing a coordinating framework for support services and public goods in rural areas. The PMA core document sets out these principles, but also identifies priorities for interventions and activities in the form of seven pillars, to be implemented by various government ministries and local government, and a non-sectoral conditional grant. The PMA identifies seven pillars where priority actions are recommended.These are: (1) research and technology, (2) national agricultural advisory services, (3) agricultural education, (4) improving access to rural finance, (5) agro-processing and marketing, (6) sustainable natural resource utilization and management and (7) physical infrastruc ture. These two above key programs succeeded in helping Uganda surpass the poverty reduction goal in MDGs. However, Uganda is still very poor country and is still faced with many challenges from internal as well as external factors. Thus, the Ugandan government has launched a new policy framework, the National Development Plan as a response to the success of the PEAP in poverty reduction.It continues the vision of poverty eradication and more focus on economic transformation, wealth creation and equally distribution; in order to transform Uganda society from a peasant to a modern and prosperous country within 30 years. Due to the limitation, this paper just analyzes the two main programs which helped reduce poverty from 56. 4 per cent in 1992 to 24. 5 in 2010 and briefly introduces the new strategies of Ugandan government in the next period. Conclusion and recommendations What Uganda economy has achieved is outstanding among Sub-Saharan Africa region, however, Uganda is still among the poorest countries in the world, the income per capital ranked 203 in 2011 and the inequality has been raising which means majority Ugandans still live in bad and vulnerable condition. 0% of the workforce is working in agricultural sector which contributed only 22% of GDP and the sector easily get negative impacts from climate conditions or the reduce term of trade. Therefore, the Ugandan government needs to take action to sustain the poverty reduction, create more equal opportunities for citizens and improve economic performance. The country could learn from experiences of South Korea, which experienced one of the most dramatic declines in absolute poverty that the world has seen. Compare to South Korea in 1960 when South Korea started its industrialization, Uganda economy at present is in a better status. At that time, South Korea was destroyed by the Korean War, high absolute poverty rate, in the 1950s the majority of Korean people lived in absolute poverty.Even as late as the mid-1960s, between 60-70 per cent of the population was estimated to be living in poverty. The area of Uganda is about 2. 4 times bigger than South Korea with relative rich natural resources. Moreover, the official language of Uganda is English which is very useful and easy to do business abroad. Thanks to the economic transformation, since early 1960s, Korea has been able to achieve rapid growth with equity, and by the mid-1990s, the absolute poverty had dramatically declined to levels as low as 3. 4 percent of the population. Indeed, by 1999, the Korean averages for poverty in single person households was comparable to other OECD countries.There are number of lessons that Uganda can learn from South Korea on its development path: fully utilize the foreign aid which highly supports government expenditure for education, improving health care system, infrastructure†¦; encourage domestic savings and private domestic investment; the government intervention needs to be active and relevant to create stable macroeconomic with a favorable environment for private investment; growth with job-creation, initially led by labor intensive export promotion; highly invest in developing human capital especially primary and secondary education for better – educated labor force; create favorable environment for foreign direct investment with careful collective technology which can spillover to help develop the domestic industry later on†¦ In brief, human capital and technology should be more focus to achieve growth in the long run.Being a latecomer, Uganda has chance to learn from successful economic development model, but the model should be modified to adapt the situation of the country and avoid failures of the early comers. References CIA World Fact book (2011), Uganda, https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug. html, accessed on 7th October. International Monetary Fund (2005), â€Å"Uganda- Poverty reduction strategy paper†, IMF country paper No 05/307. International Monetary Fund (2010), â€Å"Uganda- Poverty reduction strategy paper†, IMF country paper No 10/41. Government of the Republic of Uganda, â€Å"Plan for modernization of agriculture: eradicating poverty in Uganda†. Jeffrey Henderson, David Hulme, Richard Phillips, and Eun Mee Kim (2002), â€Å"Economic governance and poverty reduction in South Korea†.John Mackinnon, Ritva Reinikka (2000), â€Å"Lessons from Uganda on strategies to fight poverty†. Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (2012), Ugandan government, â€Å"Poverty status report†. The World Bank, â€Å"Uganda: Country at a glance†, http://www. worldbank. org/en/country/uganda, accessed on 7th October. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. The World Bank: http://www. worldbank. org/en/country/uganda. [ 2 ]. Ministry of Finance, Plan ning and Economic Development (2012), Ugandan government, â€Å"Poverty status report†. [ 3 ]. 4 CIA World Fact book 2011: https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug. tml [ 5 ]. Uganda: Poverty reduction strategies paper, IMF country paper (2005). [ 6 ]. Uganda: Poverty reduction strategies paper, IMF country paper (2005). [ 7 ]. John Mackinnon, Ritva Reinikka (2000), â€Å"Lessons from Uganda on strategies to fight poverty†. [ 8 ]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark (2005). [ 9 ]. Government of the Republic of Uganda, â€Å"Plan for modernization of agriculture: eradicating poverty in Uganda†. [ 10 ]. Uganda: Poverty reduction strategies paper, IMF country paper No 10/41 (2010). [ 11 ]. Jeffrey Henderson, David Hulme, Richard Phillips, and Eun Mee Kim (2002), â€Å"Economic governance and poverty reduction in South Korea†.

Response to Change Essay - 977 Words

Response to Change Change should be seen as a challenge and embraced with enthusiasm (Marquis Huston, 2012). In my professional and personal life, I view and respond to change as a way to make improvements to existing regulations and circumstances. I embark upon the quest with determination to succeed at whatever task is presented to me. Life without change can become unchallenging and stagnant (Marquis Huston, 2012). As society and technology advance, you must incorporate the necessary transformations that arise with it. Throughout my live, my behavior towards change has evolved into a more mature acceptance of the inevitable. As an adolescent, I failed to contemplate the reasoning behind changes that occurred within my life. I†¦show more content†¦Time management was a vital element that I had to incorporate into my daily routine. My entire family had to adjust to the new stressors that were introduced with my decision of returning to school. The normal routine that they had grown accust omed to was no longer practical. It was difficult for them to accept that I was no longer the primary source of everyday responsibilities. This new adaptation was difficult and stressful for them to accept. However, the willingness to accept their new roles ended with a positive outcome for everyone involved. I have witness response to change through my friends and family members. Each individual varies in their skills and ability to accept change (Blais Hayes, 2011). In order for change to be a healthy experience, it must be entered into with an open mind and positive attitude. When unforeseen change occurs within my family, we pull together to help each other through it. My network of friends have the same view towards change. If situations arise that are positive, we embrace and appreciate them. Conversely, we handle negative transformations by pulling strength from each other. The ER is a place of constant, emotional unplanned change. As a team, we approach each situation with strength and determination. Negative attitudes does not exist within our group. We accustom our treatment to fit the needs of each individual patient. Emotional challenges are endured on a daily basis. We pull together asShow MoreRelatedBiotic Response For Climate Change1701 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch and broader impacts experience has built a platform to stand a career on, creating marketable skills, and long term plans for my future as an academic scientist, educator, and member of society. My research today is about biotic response to climate change; it rests on my past experiences in paleobiology and physical climate science, and will be stabilized by my growing interests in environmental chemistry and ecology. My broader impacts have a foundation in working with underserviced communitiesRead MoreLoose Change Documentart Response1253 Words   |  6 Pagesscattered about the area. The crash did manage to leave a crater in the ground that was about 20-15 ft long and about 10ft. wide (Avery). It will always be remembered as a tragic day, one that many are still unclear of. Watching the Loose Change Documentary about 9/11 reveled some very striking information. Their theory is that everything that happened that day including the crashing of Flight 93 was a part of a government conspiracy. They feel the government had knowledge of the attacksRead MorePsychological Responses On Global Climate Change2385 Words   |  10 PagesPsychological Responses to Global Climate Change â€Å"Climate change is not ‘a problem’ waiting for ‘a solution.’ It is an environmental, cultural, and political phenomenon which is reshaping the way we think about ourselves, our societies and humanity’s place on Earth† (Hulme, 2009, xx). Global climate change is one of the most important social and political issues facing humanity today. 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The Ladies in Macbeth Essay - 2866 Words

The Ladies in Macbeth The audience finds in Shakespeares tragedy Macbeth the appearance of two natural women, and one of those only very briefly. Therefore this paper will present enlightenment of the role of Lady Macbeth mainly, and on the witches only briefly. L.C. Knights in the essay Macbeth describes the unnaturalness in the thoughts and words of the plays dominant female force, Lady Macbeth: Thus the sense of the unnaturalness of evil is evoked not only be repeated explicit references (natures mischief, nature seems dead, Tis unnatural, even like the deed thats done, and so on) but by the expression of unnatural sentiments and an unnatural violence of tone in such things as Lady Macbeths†¦show more content†¦Having sustained her weaker husband, her own strength gives way; and in sleep, when her will cannot control her thoughts, she is piteously afflicted by the memory of one stain of blood upon her little hand. (792) In Macbeth as the Imitation of an Action Francis Fergusson enlightens the reader concerning the fears weakening Lady Macbeth: I do not need to remind you of the great scenes preceding the murder, in which Macbeth and his Lady pull themselves together for their desperate effort. If you think over these scenes, you will notice that the Macbeths understand the action which begins here as a competition and a stunt, against reason and against nature. Lady Macbeth fears her husbands human nature, as well as her own female nature, and therefore she fears the light of reason and the common daylight world. (108) The Tragedy of Macbeth opens in a desert place with thunder and lightning and three witches who are anticipating their meeting with Macbeth, There to meet with Macbeth. They all say together the mysterious and contradictory Fair is foul, and foul is fair. Macbeth is greeted by the witches with hail to thee, thane of Glamis, thane of Cawdor, and thou shalt be king hereafter! 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Theme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold

Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a story about a murder that happened in a small town, in which the society allowed to happen without questioning it. In this town there is an emphasis on male pride and men’s sexual behaviors. Everyone expects a certain code of male honor from every man. The way they look and act is all portrayed by this emphasis of machismo. Machismo men are stereotypically thought of as strong, rich, loud, and as womanizers. They are often associated with violence. Drinking, fighting, handling of arms, and killing for honor is all associated with this concept of machismo. This idea of machismo in this society is what allowed the murder to happen and all the events that happened before and after the murder. The†¦show more content†¦The society was primarily a male-dominant one; the men and women were not equal according to the social rules; women were considered as middle class and the men believed themselves to be free to do anything (Aghaei). Colombian culture gave men the right to go to a brothel or after any woman and engage in as many sexual encounters as they liked (Aghaei). Even the men took pride in such actions; they never felt ashamed of it because the society accepted these desires and needs of men (Aghaei). It shows that women were used as objects to satisfy men’s desires (Aghaei). Women are given different standards than men. Angela and her sisters were taught â€Å"how to do screen embroidery, sew by machine, weave bone lace, wash and iron, make artificial flowers and fancy candy, and write engagement announcements† (Marquez, 31). These skills were taught to better prepare the girls for marriage. This story takes place during a time when women were looked at and considered to be inferior to men. Women at that time were looked at as a possession. They were the possession of their fathers, husbands, and even brothers (Farahmandian). In this novel, the power to dominate is aimed towards women (Farahmandian). Marquez gives a clear picture of the dominant social rules and norms (Aghaei). Thus, such a brutal and cruel differentiation ofShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold732 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is machismo? Machismo is when a man feels that he deserves the obedience and respect of all women around him. The novel Chronicl e of a Death Foretold is a novella of a murder story retold after 70 years of it happening the novel was published in 1981. In the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold readers notice several themes throughout the story one of them is machismo. In the novel â€Å"Chronicle of A Death Foretold† the role of men greatly impacts the story with their actions as they are seenRead MoreTheme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold969 Words   |  4 PagesPage 1 Izaak Dittrich Hour: 2 Mrs. Mosiman 10/5/2017 Rough Draft Machismo is defined as strong or aggressive masculine pride. Machismo was very prevalent in latin america during the 1950’s when the novella takes place. M`en were often viewed as the head of the families, the providers, and the decision makes. Women didnt have that say in just about everything. Women were viewed as house women, and the ones who would take care of the children. They rarely worked or had any job, unless they wereRead MoreAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold1485 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold Humanity has built grand and wondrous cultures and societies, for the better of mankind people have devoted themselves to a functional structured society. But have these creations become merely fabrications that hinder one’s true beliefs? Throughout the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold, author Gabriel Garcia Marquez gives insight into Colombian society. As the story of a murder unravels Marquez projects the themes of honor and fate cautiouslyRead MoreChronicle of a Death Untold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez1008 Words   |  4 PagesTQ: To what extent do the Machismo and Marianismo ideals act as a catalyst to the plot of Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez? Honor over Love Honor can be earned and built throughout years of work and commitment but lost in just one single action. When looking at many Latin American cultures it is the women’s duty to preserve the honor, and the male’s job to protect it if there is ever a threat. The social ideologies of machismo and marianismo act as a source of pressure toRead MoreAnalysis Of Chronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Marquez1482 Words   |  6 PagesIn Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Gabriel Marquez employs the motif of flowers within the novel to illustrate the role of women within a Latin American society; the cultural and symbolic implications of this associate flowers with purity, victimization, gender barriers, and deceit. In doing so, Marquez creates a microcosm of Latin America, exposing the core of Columbian culture and society with all its aspects such as ethnicity, and social norms and conventions that led to a series of insecuritiesRead MoreChronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez1240 Words   |  5 Pagesbut as sacred. He is willing to risk his life in its defense and it’s conscious that he gains protection while he gives it.† Gabriel Garcia Marquez bases the novel, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, off of a true account of a murder that occurred in Sucre, Columbia. In the Columbian culture presented in this novel, he portrays the theme of honor as a fundamental value and important value that everyone is obligated to respect. Marquez does this through repetition to highlight the idea that actions takenRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold1866 Words   |  8 PagesReflective statement: Chronicle of a Death Foretold The expectations of society and status quo are an important influence in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. The various interactive oral presentations that my classmates presented discussed an array of topics which included roles of women and machismo, specifically how women were forced to accept the unfair social expectations placed on them and how men were expected to exemplify macho behavior. My classmates’ presentations also helped me to gainRead MoreThe Products Of Gender Stereotypes And Concepts Of Alpha Male And The Vicario Brothers 965 Words   |  4 Pagesmale’, and it is evident that they have been forced by society to kill a man, but this by itself does not represent a strong critique against machismo as the only consequences seen are a restricted individuality and freedom, and an act that was probably not seen as immoral by the readers at that time. In order to make a strong, effective critique against machismo, Garcia Marquez describes the murder as a traumatizing experience and explains its numerous negative impacts. The murder itself is describedRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold Point Of View Analysis1555 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novella Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the author Gabriel Garcia Marquez, uses the element point of view supported by certain motifs to portray society and how its gender roles affect the narration. The auth or’s choice in doing so is important simply because the novella is based on a real life story which occurred in Sucre, Colombia, in 1951, where he had lived. The incident happened while Gabriel Garcia Marquez was in college studying journalism, just like the narrator of the novel. Marquez

Galileo Galilei Essay Research Paper Galileo GalileiThe free essay sample

Galileo Galilei Essay, Research Paper Galileo GalileiThe paper which I will be composing will discourse the life, finds, and the modern impact of the scientific accomplishmentsof Galileo Galilei. Born in Pisa, Italy in 1564, Galileo entered Pisa University as a medical pupil in 1581 and became aprofessor of mathematics at Padua. An uranologist and mathematician, Galileo was, unluckily for himself, a adult male aheadof his clip. Galileo discovered the jurisprudence of uniformly accelerated gesture towards the Earth, the parabolic way of missiles, and the jurisprudence that all organic structures have weight. Among his other achievements was the betterment of the refracting telescopein 1610 and his protagonism of the Copernican theory which brought him into a struggle of thoughts and truths between himself andthe Inquisition. He was condemned by the church whose theories threatened everything that was taught by the priesthoodas the sanctum truth and he was finally broken by the Inquisition. Before being finally defeated by the church, nevertheless, Galileo made many parts to the universe of natural philosophies. His scientific finds and enterprises were merely a part of hiscontributions to the scientific community. Galileo # 8217 ; s methods of proving and turn outing his theories were besides of major importancesince these painstaking and exact methodological analysiss would put the basis for future scientific finds. His brilliancebrought about a new epoch in scientific promotion and his licking at the custodies of the church put a halt to the scientificrevolution which he had started. In 1993 the Vatican officially recognized the cogency of Galileo Galilei # 8217 ; s scientific work. Mentions Cited1. GALILEO: PIONEER SCIENTIST # 8211 ; Stillman Drake 19902. GALILEO A LIFE # 8211 ; James Reston, Jr. 19413. COLLEGE MATHEMATICS JOURNAL # 8211 ; May 1994, Volume 25 Issue 3, p 193 Galileo Galilei was a great scientist and innovator in the Fieldss of mechanics, uranology, thermometry, and magnetic attraction, althoughmechanics and uranology were his chief passions. He was arguably one of t he brightest work forces who of all time lived. Galileodiscovered and enhanced many scientific finds of his clip period and was extremely regarded as a Mathematician andNatural Philosopher. Galileo was persecuted for his positions on Earth # 8217 ; s relationship with the remainder of the celestial spheres since hebelieved that the Earth revolved around the Sun and that the celestial spheres were invariably altering and germinating. Since Galilei # 8217 ; svision of a metamorphosing existence came in direct struggle with the positions of Aristotle, positions held by and supported by thechurch, Galileo was finally called before the Inquisition and forced to abjure his positions. However, Galileo Galilei madesignificant parts to the scientific community and he is remembered as a great scientist and pioneer. Galileo Galilei was born in 1564 in Pisa, Italy ( so a portion of the Duchy of Tuscany ) , to Vincenzo Galilei, a instrumentalist, andGiulia Ammannati. Galileo studied medical sp ecialty at the university of Pisa from 1581 to 1585, but his existent involvements were inmathematics and natural doctrine and Galileo left the university in 1585 without a grade. It was during this clip framethat Galileo began to doubt conventional scientific discipline, since much of what he was being taught at that clip as scientific fact wasconflicting with the grounds which he saw in his hands-on medicalobservations ( Hitzeroth, Heerboth, The Importance ofGalileo, pp 14-15 ) . Following his period as a pupil, Galileo tried his manus at teaching.Galileo began in private learning in Florence and he returned to the university of Pisa to learn mathematics in 1589. Galileotaught at the university of Pisa until 1592 when he was appointed professor of mathematics at Padua ( the university of theRepublic of Venice. ) Galileo # 8217 ; s responsibilities as a professor of mathematics at Padua were to learn Euclidian geometry and criterion ( geocentric ) uranology to medical pupils. The medical pupils at that clip were expected to cognize some astronomy inorder to do usage of star divination in their medical patterns. In Padua, he continued his natural philosophies research in the country of mechanicsand uranology. In the country of mechanics is where Galileo # 8217 ; s most celebrated observations were exhibited. The traditional theory accepted bynearly everyone at that clip was Aristotle # 8217 ; s theory that heavier objects, when dropped from the same tallness as lighter 1s, will fall at a faster rate. In resistance to this impression, Galileo stated that with the remotion of outside influences such as windresistance, both objects will fall at the same time at virtually the same velocity. Although a really popular narrative of Galileo statesthat he attempted to turn out this theory by dropping different weights from the belfry ( tilting tower ) of the Duomo in Pisa, this peculiar experiment was neer really proven to hold occurred. However, a similar experimen t had already been madeby the Flemish applied scientist Simon Stevin in 1586. Galileo has said that his involvement in Aristotle # 8217 ; s Theory about falling objectswas aroused when, during a hailstorm, he noticed that both big and little hailstones hit the land at the same clip. Thisobservation caused Galileo to earnestly doubt Aristotle # 8217 ; s Theory since harmonizing to Aristotle, the larger-sized hailstones wouldhave had to hold fallen from a much greater tallness and at virtually the same clip as the igniter hailstones in order for themto reach the land at the same clip ( which Galileo found really unlikely. ) Galileo was besides really much interested in uranology. Tycho Brahe, a Danish uranologist, found a supernova in theconstellation Cassiopeia in 1572 which quickly disappeared two old ages subsequently. This find challenged Aristotle # 8217 ; s theoryof the celestial spheres as perfect, unchanging, and changeless. This find, along with another nova visual aspect in 1604, alsopersuaded Galileo to give three public talks in Padua in his capacity as a professor of mathematics. Galileo used the novaas an alibi to dispute Aristotle # 8217 ; s positions of celestial spheres which were unchanging. In 1609, Galileo learned of a field glass that a Dutchman had shown in Venice. Using his ain proficient accomplishments as amathematician and a workingman, along with studies of the building of the device, Galileo made a series of telescopes whoseoptical public presentation was much better than that of the Dutch instrument. The first telescope he constructed had a threefoldmagnification, which he rapidly improved to 32 times magnification. It was this instrument which Galileo used to develophis astronomical finds. The legion astronomical finds made by Galileo with the assistance of his telescopes were described in a short book calledMessage from the stars or Starry Messenger ( Sidereus Nuncius ) published in Venice in May 1610. In this book, Galileo claimed to hold seen mountains on the Moon, to have proved that the Milky Way was made up of a myriad of tiny stars, andto have seen four small bodies (moons) orbiting the planet Jupiter. Galileo named the moons of Jupiter the â€Å"Medicean stars†.It was after this discovery of the moons of Jupiter that Galileo became the official mathematician and natural philosopher tothe Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was also during this time frame that Galileo made many mathematical observations of physicalproperties. Among these observations was the discovery that projectiles follow parabolic paths. This discovery allowed arcs of physicalobjects to be calculated. Another achievement of Galileo in this time period was the naming of the cycloid curve in 1599.In 1639, Galileo wrote to Toricelli about the cycloid, saying that he had been studying it’s properties for forty years. Galileotried and failed to find the area of a cycloid by comparing it’s area to that of the generating circle. After his failure at tryingto find a mathematical method of finding the area of a cycloid, he tried weighing pieces of metal cut into the shape of thecycloid. He found that the ratio of the weights was approximately three to one but decided that it was not exactly three. It was in his employ with the Grand Duke of Tuscany in Florence that Galileo first became involved in disputes aboutCopernicanism. Copernicanism was a theory that was posed by Nicolaus Copernicus on the position of the earth in relationto the heavens. Copernicus had stated in the book On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres (De revolutionibus orbiumcoelestium, Nuremberg, 1543), that the Sun (not the Earth) is at rest in the center of the universe and that the earth revolvesaround the sun. This theory , also known as the heliocentric theory, was lent credence in Galileo’s eyes when, in 1613, hediscovered that, when seen through the telescope, the planet Venus showed phases resembling those of the Moon, andtherefore Venus must orbit the Sun a nd not the Earth(Drake, Galileo: Pioneer Scientist, pp. 136 – 137). Galileo went to greatlengths to support Copernicanism in the use of his discoveries and observations, he also used his great mathematical skills toaid in proving Copernican theories.Between 1619 and 1624 Galileo adapted a telescope for the viewing of extremely small objects. This microscope, which hecalled â€Å"occhialini† was composed of the tube of a telescope, of reduced size, furnished with two lenses. Galileo gave hismicroscopes to various people, including Federigo Cesi. It was the support of the Copernican theories which brought Galileo into direct conflict with the Inquisition and the RomanCatholic Church. Since Copernicanism was in contradiction with Scripture, Galileo was treading on thin ice with theInquisition. A young Dominican, Tommaso Caccini, denounced Galileo, his theories, and the Copernican theories officiallyfrom the pulpit during a sermon in the Santa Maria Novella in 1614 (de San tillana, The Crime of Galileo, p. 42). In 1616,Galileo was officially advised by Cardinal Bellarmino on the behalf of the Pope to proceed with caution and to speak onlyhypothetically about the Copernican theory and not as if the theory were reality. Following this confrontation with thechurch, Galileo returned to Florence and continued work on his book (Dialogue Concerning theTwo Chief World Systems),as the Pope wished, Galileo gave more emphasis to mathematical arguments rather than to experimental or physicalarguments. Although Galileo tried to obey the Pope’s wishes in his wording of the Dialogue, when the book finally appeared in 1632, itraised an immediate storm of protest leading immediately to the arrest of Galileo and a trial by the Inquisition. The inquisitionfound Galileo guilty of publishing a heretical book and insisted that he denounce his theories and confess his â€Å"crimes† beforethe church. Although he was lead to believe that this act would cause the Inquisition to be lenient (and would keep them fromtorturing him to death), Galileo was still sentenced to life imprisonment at his villa in Arcetri near Florence (Reston, GalileoA Life, pp. 253 – 254.)It was during this house arrest that Galileo produced perhaps his greatest work, his Discourses on the Two New Sciences ,which has been hailed as possibly the cornerstone of modern physics. This book was smuggled out of Italy to France and waspublished in Leyden in 1638. In this book, Galileo presented the true laws of accelerated motion and falling bodies, as wellas the fundamental theory of projectile motion and important applications of mathematics to a multitude of physical problems. Galileo died totally blind at 77 years old in 1642. Galileo believed that experimentations and observations of theseexperiments was crucial to the scientific process. (Shapere, Galileo A Philisophical Study, p. 126) Although Galileo was agreat scientist, Pope Urban VIII refused to permit Galil eo’s burial with a monument, instead, Galileo was buriedunceremoniously in the Church of Santo Croce, in Florence. His remains have since been moved to their present locationin a magnificent tomb opposite that of Michelangelo near the entrance to the church. It was only as recently as 1993 that thechurch has admitted that they were wrong and that Galileo’s theories were correct. Galileo’s extraordinary accomplishments in the fields of mathematics and astronomy upheld and proved the theories ofCopernicus whose theories may have been scoffed at as fantasy. He began the scientific revolution of his time period andhis persecution by the church, unfortunately, put an end to the revolution. He was truly a pioneer. Were it not for Galileo’scourage of his convictions, many scientific discoveries, including those of other scientists of his era, may never have occurredor may have been delayed considerably. Without the theories, discoveries, and experiments of Galil eo Galilei, we may neverhave made it to the moon, been able to examine viruses or germs under a microscope to be able to defeat them, or been ableto write a physical science term paper (on Galileo of course.) If for no other reason than his invention of the microscope,Galileo deserves to be known as one of the greatest scientists the world has ever known. References Cited1. Drake, Stillman – 1990, GALILEO: PIONEER SCIENTIST, The University of Chicago Press, pp. 2612. Reston, James Jr. – 1941, GALILEO A LIFE, Harper Collins Publishers, pp. 3193. De Santillana, Giorgio – 1955, THE CRIME OF GALILEO, The University of Chicago Press, pp. 3394. Hitzeroth, Deborah, Sharon Heerboth – 1961, THE IMPORTANCE OF GALILEO GALILEI, Lucent Books, pp. 955. Shapere, Dudley – 1974, GALILEO A PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY, The University of Chicago Press, pp. 1616 COLLEGE MATHEMATICS JOURNAL – May 1994, Volume 25 Issue 3, p 193